diff --git a/docs/style-design-guide.md b/docs/style-design-guide.md
index 8a3218a..659cbf5 100644
--- a/docs/style-design-guide.md
+++ b/docs/style-design-guide.md
@@ -77,6 +77,18 @@ import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from "@/shared/ui/card";
 
 状态使用 `status-tone-neutral/info/success/warning/danger` 与共享 `StatusBadge`、`StatusIcon`、`StatusDot`，同时提供文字或图标。业务状态、交互选中和数据系列颜色各自独立；`material-tone-agent` 只标记 Agent 解释或建议，原始监测值和人工资料继续使用普通阅读面。
 
+地图中的管线一起显示，以管径对应的颜色和线宽体现差异。水库、泵站、水箱和水质监测点保持清晰；阀门、普通节点与常规 SCADA 使用随缩放连续变化的大小和透明度。密集设施的工程符号自动避让，底层保留轻量圆点以表达位置和支持点选。选中与异常分析标记单独突出，普通设施以连续变化为主；普通节点从 12 级、阀门从 13 级开始显示，图标、标注与命中范围同步限制。
+
+管道透明度不随缩放变化，缩放渐变体现在管线与描边的宽度上，远看纤细、放大清晰；图层开关时仍使用透明度淡入淡出。
+
+图层开关统一使用约 320ms 的透明度淡入淡出，覆盖管线、设施、监测点、GIS 原始数据和模拟结果。矢量瓦片可绘制后才开始淡入计时，避免加载期间耗尽过渡时间。淡入淡出只临时叠加透明度系数，结束后恢复图层原有样式；快速反向切换从当前进度继续。隐藏时立即关闭命中层与交互强调层，淡入结束后恢复；减少动态效果偏好下直接切换。管线用过滤器区分开关状态，透明度保持统一数值，避免逐帧重写属性表达式触发瓦片重算。
+
+重要设施也使用连续缩放插值，但图标的最低透明度保持较高，衬底更轻，保证概览可辨识。按需开启的数值标签随缩放渐变字号与透明度；使用者设置的字号作为放大后的目标字号。
+
+水质、压力和流量监测点统一从 11 级开始显示，图标、圆点、交互层和图层面板提示共用缩放起点。水质与压力监测点使用一致的圆点、衬底尺寸和图标屏幕像素宽度。图标缩放系数需结合原图尺寸换算，水质图标 128px、压力图标 96px，不直接使用相同系数。
+
+GIS 原始图层与对应业务类型共用起始级别：GIS 管线与 DN100+ 台账从 8.5 级显示，流量仪从 11 级显示，消火栓、接水点、用户及非居民水表从 12 级显示，GIS 阀门与排水阀从 13 级显示。图层提示、图形和点击范围保持一致。
+
 Agent 使用 shadcn/ui 的实体表面和现有主题色，不将这种外观列为待迁移到 Acrylic 的差异。已有 Agent 专用配色、材质和控件 CSS 覆盖应在对应组件调整时收敛到本地 shadcn/ui 样式；是否完成以运行界面验收为准。
 
 ## 4. 材质与层级
diff --git a/src/app/app.e2e.ts b/src/app/app.e2e.ts
index 8c3f1bf..ad263d3 100644
--- a/src/app/app.e2e.ts
+++ b/src/app/app.e2e.ts
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ test("renders the migrated WebGIS workbench shell", async ({ page }) => {
   });
 
   await page.goto("/");
-  await expect(page.getByText("供水管网智能调度系统")).toBeVisible();
-  await expect(page.getByText("调度工作台")).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByText("供水管网智慧运维系统")).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByText("运维工作台")).toBeVisible();
   await expect(page.getByLabel("Agent 折叠栏")).toBeVisible();
   await expect(page.getByLabel("Agent 命令面板")).toHaveCount(0);
   await page.getByRole("button", { name: /展开 Agent 助手面板/ }).click();
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/components/workbench-top-bar.tsx b/src/features/workbench/components/workbench-top-bar.tsx
index 086af1e..4fcfbfb 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/components/workbench-top-bar.tsx
+++ b/src/features/workbench/components/workbench-top-bar.tsx
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ export function WorkbenchTopBar({
           <Droplets size={18} aria-hidden="true" />
         </div>
         <div className="min-w-0">
-          <h1 aria-label="供水管网智能调度系统" className="truncate text-sm font-semibold leading-5 text-slate-950">
+          <h1 aria-label="供水管网智慧运维系统" className="truncate text-sm font-semibold leading-5 text-slate-950">
             <span className="sm:hidden">供水</span>
-            <span className="hidden sm:inline">供水管网智能调度系统</span>
+            <span className="hidden sm:inline">供水管网智慧运维系统</span>
           </h1>
-          <p className="hidden truncate text-xs leading-4 text-[var(--ink-muted)] sm:block">调度工作台</p>
+          <p className="hidden truncate text-xs leading-4 text-[var(--ink-muted)] sm:block">运维工作台</p>
         </div>
       </div>
 
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/hooks/use-workbench-map.ts b/src/features/workbench/hooks/use-workbench-map.ts
index c909a59..6b9adfd 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/hooks/use-workbench-map.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/hooks/use-workbench-map.ts
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ export function useWorkbenchMap({
       ).forEach((layer) => map.addLayer(layer));
       scadaHitLayers.forEach((layer) => map.addLayer(layer));
       removeCityScene = installCityScene(map);
-      setSimulationLayersVisibility(map, impactVisibleRef.current);
+      setSimulationLayersVisibility(map, impactVisibleRef.current, false);
       setMapReady(true);
       updateSourceStatus(
         setSourceStatuses,
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map-workbench-page.tsx b/src/features/workbench/map-workbench-page.tsx
index 4a70934..850d3a7 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map-workbench-page.tsx
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map-workbench-page.tsx
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ import {
 } from "./layout/workbench-layout";
 import { getResponsivePadding, getResponsiveWorkbenchPadding } from "./map/camera";
 import { exportMapViewImage } from "./map/export-view";
+import { setMapLayersVisibility } from "./map/layer-visibility";
 import { parseScadaAnalysisItems } from "./map/scada-analysis";
 import {
   BASE_LAYER_OPTIONS,
@@ -724,9 +725,7 @@ function MapWorkbenchContent({
       return;
     }
 
-    getWorkbenchLayerIds(map, layerControlId).forEach((layerId) => {
-      map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "visibility", visible ? "visible" : "none");
-    });
+    setMapLayersVisibility(map, getWorkbenchLayerIds(map, layerControlId), visible);
   }
   function handleTogglePresentationLayer(id: string, visible: boolean) {
     const before = presentationLayerChangesRef.current.get(id) ?? (layerVisibility[id] !== false);
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/layer-group-style.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/layer-group-style.ts
index 2c28b03..94ba945 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/layer-group-style.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/layer-group-style.ts
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ type LayoutPropertyName = Parameters<MapLibreMap["setLayoutProperty"]>[1];
 import { MAP_STYLE_TOKENS } from "./map-colors";
 import { SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
 import {
-  createSupplyActiveOpacity,
   createSupplyStateColor,
-  supplyFacilityOpacityExpression,
   supplyPipeColorExpression,
   supplyPipeDashExpression
 } from "./supply-style-expressions";
@@ -60,8 +58,8 @@ const POINT_DEFAULT_COLORS = {
 } as const;
 
 const POINT_DEFAULT_OPACITIES = {
-  junctions: 0.9,
-  valves: supplyFacilityOpacityExpression,
+  junctions: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.opacity,
+  valves: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.opacity,
   reservoirs: 0
 } as const;
 
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ function applyLineStyle(map: MapLibreMap, groupId: "pipes", patch: LineLayerGrou
   const prefix = groupId;
   const coreId = LINE_CORE_LAYERS[groupId];
   if (patch.color !== undefined) setPaint(map, coreId, "line-color", createSupplyStateColor(patch.color));
-  if (patch.opacity !== undefined) setPaint(map, coreId, "line-opacity", createSupplyActiveOpacity(patch.opacity));
+  if (patch.opacity !== undefined) setPaint(map, coreId, "line-opacity", patch.opacity);
   if (patch.dash !== undefined) {
     const dash = patch.dash === "solid"
       ? [1, 0]
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ function applyLineStyle(map: MapLibreMap, groupId: "pipes", patch: LineLayerGrou
 function resetLineStyle(map: MapLibreMap, groupId: "pipes") {
   const coreId = LINE_CORE_LAYERS[groupId];
   setPaint(map, coreId, "line-color", supplyPipeColorExpression);
-  setPaint(map, coreId, "line-opacity", createSupplyActiveOpacity(0.92));
+  setPaint(map, coreId, "line-opacity", 0.92);
   setPaint(map, coreId, "line-dasharray", supplyPipeDashExpression);
   setPaint(map, `${groupId}-casing`, "line-dasharray", supplyPipeDashExpression);
   for (const [id, value] of Object.entries(LINE_DEFAULT_WIDTHS)) {
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/layer-visibility.test.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/layer-visibility.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8949509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/layer-visibility.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import type { Map as MapLibreMap } from "maplibre-gl";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS, setMapLayersVisibility } from "./layer-visibility";
+
+describe("map layer visibility fades", () => {
+  let now = 0;
+  let nextFrame = 0;
+  let frames: Map<number, FrameRequestCallback>;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    now = 0;
+    nextFrame = 0;
+    frames = new Map();
+    vi.spyOn(performance, "now").mockImplementation(() => now);
+    vi.stubGlobal("requestAnimationFrame", (callback: FrameRequestCallback) => {
+      frames.set(++nextFrame, callback);
+      return nextFrame;
+    });
+    vi.stubGlobal("cancelAnimationFrame", (frame: number) => frames.delete(frame));
+    vi.stubGlobal("matchMedia", () => ({ matches: false }));
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => { vi.restoreAllMocks(); vi.unstubAllGlobals(); });
+
+  function advance(time: number) {
+    now = time;
+    const callbacks = [...frames.values()];
+    frames.clear();
+    callbacks.forEach((callback) => callback(time));
+  }
+
+  it("fades before hiding and restores the authored opacity and transition", () => {
+    const fixture = createMap();
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes", "pipes-hit"], false);
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes")).toBe("visible");
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes-hit")).toBe("none");
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS / 2);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBeLessThan(0.92);
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS);
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes")).toBe("none");
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBe(0.92);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity-transition")).toEqual({ duration: 120 });
+  });
+
+  it("reverses an in-flight fade without hiding the layer or stacking expressions", () => {
+    const fixture = createMap();
+    const camera = ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8, 0.5, 16, 1];
+    fixture.paint.set("pipes:line-opacity", camera);
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes"], false);
+    advance(80);
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes"], true);
+    advance(80);
+    advance(180);
+    expect((fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity") as unknown[])[0]).toBe("interpolate");
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes")).toBe("visible");
+    advance(80 + LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toEqual(camera);
+    expect(frames.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("enables picking after showing and respects reduced motion", () => {
+    const fixture = createMap();
+    fixture.visibility.set("pipes", "none");
+    fixture.visibility.set("pipes-hit", "none");
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes", "pipes-hit"], true);
+    advance(0);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBe(0);
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes-hit")).toBe("none");
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS);
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes-hit")).toBe("visible");
+    vi.stubGlobal("matchMedia", () => ({ matches: true }));
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes"], false);
+    expect(fixture.visibility.get("pipes")).toBe("none");
+    expect(frames.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("cancels frames when the owning map is removed", () => {
+    const fixture = createMap();
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes"], false);
+    fixture.remove();
+    expect(frames.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("starts fading in after vector tiles are ready", () => {
+    const fixture = createMap();
+    let loaded = false;
+    fixture.map.isSourceLoaded = () => loaded;
+    fixture.visibility.set("pipes", "none");
+    setMapLayersVisibility(fixture.map, ["pipes"], true);
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS * 2);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBe(0);
+    loaded = true;
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS * 3);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBe(0);
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS * 3.5);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBeLessThan(0.92);
+    advance(LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS * 4);
+    expect(fixture.paint.get("pipes:line-opacity")).toBe(0.92);
+  });
+});
+
+function createMap() {
+  const layers = new Map([ ["pipes", { type: "line", source: "pipes" }], ["pipes-hit", { type: "line", source: "pipes" }] ]);
+  const visibility = new Map([ ["pipes", "visible"], ["pipes-hit", "visible"] ]);
+  const paint = new Map<string, unknown>([
+    ["pipes:line-opacity", 0.92], ["pipes:line-opacity-transition", { duration: 120 }],
+    ["pipes-hit:line-opacity", 0]
+  ]);
+  let remove = () => {};
+  const map = {
+    once: (event: string, callback: () => void) => {
+      if (event === "remove") remove = callback;
+      else if (event === "render") callback();
+    },
+    getLayer: (id: string) => layers.get(id),
+    isSourceLoaded: () => true,
+    getLayoutProperty: (id: string) => visibility.get(id),
+    getPaintProperty: (id: string, name: string) => paint.get(`${id}:${name}`),
+    setLayoutProperty: (id: string, _name: string, value: string) => visibility.set(id, value),
+    setPaintProperty: (id: string, name: string, value: unknown) => paint.set(`${id}:${name}`, value)
+  } as unknown as MapLibreMap;
+  return { map, visibility, paint, remove: () => remove() };
+}
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/layer-visibility.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/layer-visibility.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..defe7d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/layer-visibility.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import type { Map as MapLibreMap } from "maplibre-gl";
+
+export const LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS = 320;
+
+type PaintProperty = Parameters<MapLibreMap["getPaintProperty"]>[1];
+type OpacityProperty = { name: PaintProperty; transitionName: PaintProperty; value: unknown; transition: unknown };
+type LayerFade = {
+  visible: boolean;
+  opacity: number;
+  frame: number;
+  properties: OpacityProperty[];
+};
+
+const fadesByMap = new WeakMap<MapLibreMap, Map<string, LayerFade>>();
+const opacityProperties: Record<string, readonly PaintProperty[]> = {
+  line: ["line-opacity"],
+  circle: ["circle-opacity", "circle-stroke-opacity"],
+  symbol: ["icon-opacity", "text-opacity"],
+  fill: ["fill-opacity"],
+  "fill-extrusion": ["fill-extrusion-opacity"],
+  raster: ["raster-opacity"],
+  heatmap: ["heatmap-opacity"]
+};
+
+export function setMapLayersVisibility(
+  map: MapLibreMap,
+  layerIds: readonly string[],
+  visible: boolean,
+  animate = true
+) {
+  let fades = fadesByMap.get(map);
+  if (!fades) {
+    fades = new Map();
+    fadesByMap.set(map, fades);
+    const ownedFades = fades;
+    map.once("remove", () => {
+      ownedFades.forEach((fade) => cancelAnimationFrame(fade.frame));
+      ownedFades.clear();
+      fadesByMap.delete(map);
+    });
+  }
+  const reducedMotion = typeof matchMedia === "function"
+    && matchMedia("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)").matches;
+  const activeFades = fades;
+
+  for (const layerId of layerIds) {
+    const layer = map.getLayer(layerId);
+    if (!layer) continue;
+    const previous = activeFades.get(layerId);
+    if (previous?.visible === visible) continue;
+    const wasVisible = map.getLayoutProperty(layerId, "visibility") !== "none";
+    if (!previous && wasVisible === visible) continue;
+    if (previous) cancelAnimationFrame(previous.frame);
+
+    const names = opacityProperties[layer.type] ?? [];
+    const properties = previous?.properties ?? names.map((name) => {
+      const transitionName = `${name}-transition` as PaintProperty;
+      return { name, transitionName, value: map.getPaintProperty(layerId, name),
+        transition: map.getPaintProperty(layerId, transitionName) };
+    });
+    const restorePaint = () => {
+      for (const property of properties) {
+        map.setPaintProperty(layerId, property.name, (property.value ?? null) as never);
+        map.setPaintProperty(layerId, property.transitionName, (property.transition ?? null) as never);
+      }
+    };
+    const finish = () => {
+      map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "visibility", visible ? "visible" : "none");
+      restorePaint();
+      activeFades.delete(layerId);
+    };
+    // Picking stops immediately on hide and starts after the visual fade on show.
+    const hitTarget = layerId.endsWith("-hit");
+    const deferred = hitTarget || properties.some((property) => readsFeatureState(property.value));
+    if ((deferred && !visible) || !animate || reducedMotion || names.length === 0) {
+      finish();
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const startOpacity = previous?.opacity ?? (wasVisible ? 1 : 0);
+    const targetOpacity = visible ? 1 : 0;
+    const fade: LayerFade = { visible, opacity: startOpacity, frame: 0, properties };
+    activeFades.set(layerId, fade);
+    const paint = () => {
+      if (deferred) return;
+      for (const property of properties) {
+        map.setPaintProperty(layerId, property.name, scaleOpacity(property.value ?? 1, fade.opacity) as never);
+      }
+    };
+    if (!deferred) {
+      for (const property of properties) {
+        map.setPaintProperty(layerId, property.transitionName, { duration: 0, delay: 0 });
+      }
+    }
+    paint();
+    map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "visibility", deferred ? "none" : "visible");
+    let startedAt: number | undefined = visible ? undefined : performance.now();
+    let rendered = !visible;
+    if (visible) map.once("render", () => { rendered = true; });
+    const tick = (now: number) => {
+      if (map.getLayer(layerId) !== layer) {
+        activeFades.delete(layerId);
+        return;
+      }
+      // A hidden vector source may need its tiles again. Start the fade when it can draw,
+      // rather than spending the entire animation while its worker is still loading.
+      if (startedAt === undefined && (!rendered
+        || (typeof layer.source === "string" && !map.isSourceLoaded(layer.source)))) {
+        fade.frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+        return;
+      }
+      startedAt ??= now;
+      const progress = Math.min(1, (now - startedAt) / LAYER_VISIBILITY_FADE_MS);
+      fade.opacity = startOpacity + (targetOpacity - startOpacity) * progress;
+      if (progress >= 1) finish();
+      else {
+        paint();
+        fade.frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+      }
+    };
+    fade.frame = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+  }
+}
+
+function readsFeatureState(value: unknown): boolean {
+  return Array.isArray(value) && (value[0] === "feature-state" || value.some(readsFeatureState));
+}
+
+function scaleOpacity(value: unknown, opacity: number): unknown {
+  if (typeof value === "number") return value * opacity;
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    // Camera expressions must keep zoom at the top level of the paint expression.
+    const cameraInterpolate = value[0] === "interpolate" && value[2]?.[0] === "zoom";
+    const cameraStep = value[0] === "step" && value[1]?.[0] === "zoom";
+    if (cameraInterpolate || cameraStep) {
+      return value.map((entry, index) => index >= (cameraStep ? 2 : 4) && index % 2 === 0
+        ? scaleOpacity(entry, opacity) : entry);
+    }
+  }
+  return ["*", value, opacity];
+}
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/layers.test.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/layers.test.ts
index 12d85f3..c68af5d 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/layers.test.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/layers.test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 import { SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
 import { SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS } from "./supply-icons";
 import {
-  supplyFacilityOpacityExpression,
+  supplyInactiveExpression,
   supplyPipeColorExpression,
   supplyPipeDashExpression
 } from "./supply-style-expressions";
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ describe("supply network layer styling", () => {
     expect(paint?.["line-color"]).toEqual(supplyPipeColorExpression);
     expect(paint?.["line-width"]).toEqual(SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.width);
     expect(paint?.["line-dasharray"]).toEqual(supplyPipeDashExpression);
+    expect(paint?.["line-opacity"]).toBe(0.92);
+    expect(pipe && "filter" in pipe ? pipe.filter : undefined).toEqual(["!", supplyInactiveExpression]);
     expect(JSON.stringify(paint?.["line-width"])).toContain("diameter");
     expect(JSON.stringify(paint?.["line-width"])).toContain("zoom");
     expect(waterNetworkBusinessLayers.some((layer) => layer.id === "pipes-risk-glow")).toBe(false);
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ describe("supply network layer styling", () => {
     const sourcePipePaint = sourcePipe?.paint as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
     const inventoryPipe = getLayer("fx_20200811_dn100_pipes-line");
     const inventoryPaint = inventoryPipe?.paint as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+    expect(sourcePipe).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 8.5 });
+    expect(inventoryPipe).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 8.5 });
 
     expect(sourcePipePaint?.["line-width"]).toEqual(SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.width);
     expect(JSON.stringify(sourcePipePaint?.["line-color"])).toContain("diameter");
@@ -49,55 +53,58 @@ describe("supply network layer styling", () => {
 
   it("uses distinct engineering symbols for every source GIS facility type", () => {
     const sourceFacilitySymbols = [
-      ["fx_20200423_valves-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceValve, 14],
-      ["fx_20200423_drain_valves-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceDrainValve, 10],
-      ["fx_20200423_flow_meters-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceFlowMeter, 10],
-      ["fx_20200423_hydrants-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceHydrant, 13],
-      ["fx_20200423_service_connections-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceConnection, 13],
-      ["fx_20200423_customer_meters-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceCustomerMeter, 13],
+      ["fx_20200423_valves-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceValve],
+      ["fx_20200423_drain_valves-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceDrainValve],
+      ["fx_20200423_flow_meters-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceFlowMeter],
+      ["fx_20200423_hydrants-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceHydrant],
+      ["fx_20200423_service_connections-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceConnection],
+      ["fx_20200423_customer_meters-symbol", SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceCustomerMeter],
       [
         "fx_20200423_non_residential_meters-symbol",
-        SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceNonResidentialMeter,
-        15
+        SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceNonResidentialMeter
       ]
     ] as const;
 
-    sourceFacilitySymbols.forEach(([layerId, imageId, minZoom]) => {
+    sourceFacilitySymbols.forEach(([layerId, imageId]) => {
       expect(getLayer(layerId)).toMatchObject({
         type: "symbol",
         layout: {
           "icon-image": imageId,
-          "icon-size": ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], minZoom, 0.36, 18, 0.54]
+          "icon-size": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.iconSize,
+          "icon-allow-overlap": false
         }
       });
     });
   });
 
-  it("keeps facilities visible from overview while deferring ordinary junctions", () => {
-    expect(getLayer("valves")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 8.5 });
-    expect(getLayer("valves-symbol")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 8.5 });
+  it("keeps facilities available from overview with quieter detail markers", () => {
+    expect(getLayer("valves")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 13 });
+    expect(getLayer("valves-symbol")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 13 });
+    expect(getLayer("valves-hit")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 13 });
+    expect(getLayer("fx_20200423_valves-symbol")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 13 });
+    expect(getLayer("fx_20200423_drain_valves-symbol")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 13 });
     expect(getLayer("reservoirs")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 8.5 });
     expect(getLayer("reservoirs-symbol")).toMatchObject({
       minzoom: 8.5,
       layout: { "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.reservoir }
     });
     expect(getLayer("pumps-symbol")).toMatchObject({
-      minzoom: 11,
+      minzoom: 8.5,
       layout: { "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.pump }
     });
     expect(getLayer("tanks-symbol")).toMatchObject({
-      minzoom: 11,
+      minzoom: 8.5,
       layout: { "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.tank }
     });
     expect(getLayer("water_quality_monitoring_points-symbol")).toMatchObject({
       type: "symbol",
-      minzoom: 8,
+      minzoom: 11,
       layout: { "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.waterQuality }
     });
-    expect(getLayer("junctions")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 15 });
+    expect(getLayer("junctions")).toMatchObject({ minzoom: 12 });
 
     const valvePaint = getLayer("valves")?.paint as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
-    expect(valvePaint?.["circle-opacity"]).toEqual(supplyFacilityOpacityExpression);
+    expect(valvePaint?.["circle-opacity"]).toEqual(SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.opacity);
 
     const reservoirPaint = getLayer("reservoirs")?.paint as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
     expect(reservoirPaint?.["circle-opacity"]).toBe(0);
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/layers.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/layers.ts
index eff51ed..8c717a3 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/layers.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/layers.ts
@@ -14,11 +14,8 @@ import {
 } from "./sources";
 import { SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS } from "./supply-icons";
 import {
-  createSupplyActiveOpacity,
   createSupplyStateColor,
-  supplyFacilityOpacityExpression,
   supplyInactiveExpression,
-  supplyIconOpacityExpression,
   supplyPipeColorExpression,
   supplyPipeDashExpression
 } from "./supply-style-expressions";
@@ -66,10 +63,11 @@ layers.push(
     source: "pipes",
     "source-layer": SOURCE_LAYERS.pipes,
     minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.minzoom,
+    filter: ["!", supplyInactiveExpression],
     paint: {
       "line-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing,
       "line-width": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.casingWidth,
-      "line-opacity": createSupplyActiveOpacity(0.86),
+      "line-opacity": 0.86,
       "line-dasharray": supplyPipeDashExpression
     }
   },
@@ -79,10 +77,11 @@ layers.push(
     source: "pipes",
     "source-layer": SOURCE_LAYERS.pipes,
     minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.minzoom,
+    filter: ["!", supplyInactiveExpression],
     paint: {
       "line-color": supplyPipeColorExpression,
       "line-width": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.width,
-      "line-opacity": createSupplyActiveOpacity(0.92),
+      "line-opacity": 0.92,
       "line-dasharray": supplyPipeDashExpression
     }
   },
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ layers.push(
     paint: {
       "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.junction,
       "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.radius,
-      "circle-opacity": 0.9
+      "circle-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.opacity
     }
   },
   {
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ layers.push(
     paint: {
       "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing,
       "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.haloRadius,
-      "circle-opacity": 0.94
+      "circle-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.haloOpacity
     }
   },
   {
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ layers.push(
     paint: {
       "circle-color": createSupplyStateColor(MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.valve),
       "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.radius,
-      "circle-opacity": supplyFacilityOpacityExpression,
+      "circle-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.opacity,
       "circle-stroke-width": 0
     }
   },
@@ -173,11 +172,12 @@ layers.push(
     layout: {
       "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.valve,
       "icon-size": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.iconSize,
-      "icon-allow-overlap": true,
-      "icon-ignore-placement": true
+      "icon-padding": 5,
+      "icon-allow-overlap": false,
+      "icon-ignore-placement": false
     },
     paint: {
-      "icon-opacity": supplyIconOpacityExpression
+      "icon-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.iconOpacity
     }
   },
   {
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ layers.push(
     paint: {
       "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing,
       "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.reservoirs.haloRadius,
-      "circle-opacity": 0.94
+      "circle-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.reservoirs.haloOpacity
     }
   },
   {
@@ -214,11 +214,12 @@ layers.push(
     layout: {
       "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.reservoir,
       "icon-size": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.reservoirs.iconSize,
+      "icon-padding": 6,
       "icon-allow-overlap": true,
-      "icon-ignore-placement": true
+      "icon-ignore-placement": false
     },
     paint: {
-      "icon-opacity": supplyIconOpacityExpression
+      "icon-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.reservoirs.iconOpacity
     }
   },
   {
@@ -230,11 +231,12 @@ layers.push(
     layout: {
       "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.pump,
       "icon-size": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pumps.iconSize,
+      "icon-padding": 6,
       "icon-allow-overlap": true,
-      "icon-ignore-placement": true
+      "icon-ignore-placement": false
     },
     paint: {
-      "icon-opacity": supplyIconOpacityExpression
+      "icon-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pumps.iconOpacity
     }
   },
   {
@@ -246,11 +248,12 @@ layers.push(
     layout: {
       "icon-image": SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.tank,
       "icon-size": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.tanks.iconSize,
+      "icon-padding": 6,
       "icon-allow-overlap": true,
-      "icon-ignore-placement": true
+      "icon-ignore-placement": false
     },
     paint: {
-      "icon-opacity": supplyIconOpacityExpression
+      "icon-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.tanks.iconOpacity
     }
   }
 );
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.test.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.test.ts
index 5c7343a..e849729 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.test.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.test.ts
@@ -66,10 +66,11 @@ describe("workbench supply layer controls", () => {
       collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
       collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
       featureCount: 215_797,
-      minZoom: 10,
+      minZoom: 8.5,
       visible: false
     });
     expect(items.find((item) => item.id === "fx_20200811_dn100_pipes")).toMatchObject({
+      minZoom: 8.5,
       collection: "fx-pipe-inventory-20200811",
       featureCount: 122_686,
       visual: { kind: "line", dashed: true }
@@ -77,9 +78,15 @@ describe("workbench supply layer controls", () => {
     expect(items.find((item) => item.id === "water_quality_monitoring_points")).toMatchObject({
       group: "monitoring",
       groupLabel: "监测点",
+      minZoom: 11,
       visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: "/map/water-quality-monitoring.svg" },
       visible: true
     });
+    expect(items.find((item) => item.id === "fx_20200423_flow_meters")).toMatchObject({ minZoom: 11 });
+    for (const id of ["fx_20200423_hydrants", "fx_20200423_service_connections",
+      "fx_20200423_customer_meters", "fx_20200423_non_residential_meters"]) {
+      expect(items.find((item) => item.id === id)).toMatchObject({ minZoom: 12 });
+    }
   });
 
   it("omits data-dependent controls when their GeoServer layers are empty", () => {
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.ts
index 6363960..3b40860 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/map-control-config.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   MapLegendItem
 } from "@/features/map/core";
 import { MAP_STYLE_TOKENS } from "./map-colors";
+import { SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM, SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
 import {
   AVAILABLE_WATER_NETWORK_SOURCE_IDS,
   SUPPLY_LAYER_CATALOG,
@@ -67,13 +68,13 @@ const LAYER_CONTROL_PRESENTATION: Record<
     }
   },
   junctions: {
-    description: "拓扑连接点",
-    minZoom: 15,
+    description: "拓扑连接点 · 随缩放细化",
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.minzoom,
     visual: { kind: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.junction }
   },
   valves: {
-    description: "控制设施",
-    minZoom: 8.5,
+    description: "控制设施 · 符号自动避让",
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.minzoom,
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.valve }
   },
   reservoirs: {
@@ -83,22 +84,22 @@ const LAYER_CONTROL_PRESENTATION: Record<
   },
   pumps: {
     description: "加压设施",
-    minZoom: 11,
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pumps.minzoom,
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.pump }
   },
   tanks: {
     description: "调蓄设施",
-    minZoom: 11,
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.tanks.minzoom,
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.tank }
   },
   water_quality_monitoring_points: {
     description: "灵敏度分析选点",
-    minZoom: 8,
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.minzoom,
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.waterQuality }
   },
   fx_20200423_pipes: {
     description: "全口径管线",
-    minZoom: 10,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_pipes,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: {
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ const LAYER_CONTROL_PRESENTATION: Record<
   },
   fx_20200811_dn100_pipes: {
     description: "DN100 及以上",
-    minZoom: 9,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200811_dn100_pipes,
     collection: "fx-pipe-inventory-20200811",
     collectionLabel: "2020-08-11 · 专项管线台账",
     visual: {
@@ -123,49 +124,49 @@ const LAYER_CONTROL_PRESENTATION: Record<
   },
   fx_20200423_valves: {
     description: "源设施台账",
-    minZoom: 14,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_valves,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceValve }
   },
   fx_20200423_drain_valves: {
     description: "源设施台账",
-    minZoom: 10,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_drain_valves,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceDrainValve }
   },
   fx_20200423_flow_meters: {
     description: "源仪表台账",
-    minZoom: 10,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_flow_meters,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceFlowMeter }
   },
   fx_20200423_hydrants: {
     description: "源设施台账",
-    minZoom: 13,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_hydrants,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceHydrant }
   },
   fx_20200423_service_connections: {
     description: "源设施台账",
-    minZoom: 13,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_service_connections,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceConnection }
   },
   fx_20200423_customer_meters: {
     description: "源水表台账",
-    minZoom: 13,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_customer_meters,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceCustomerMeter }
   },
   fx_20200423_non_residential_meters: {
     description: "源水表台账",
-    minZoom: 15,
+    minZoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_non_residential_meters,
     collection: "fx-water-assets-20200423",
     collectionLabel: "2020-04-23 · 全网除头桥快照",
     visual: { kind: "image", imageSrc: SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS.sourceNonResidentialMeter }
@@ -526,7 +527,7 @@ export function createLayerControlItems(
           id: item.id,
           label: item.label,
           description: item.description,
-          minZoom: 8.5,
+          minZoom: item.minZoom,
           visual: {
             kind: "image" as const,
             imageSrc:
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/map-layer-visuals.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/map-layer-visuals.ts
index c392377..e8ab7bb 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/map-layer-visuals.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/map-layer-visuals.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ExpressionSpecification, StyleSpecification } from "maplibre-gl";
+import { createSupplyZoomOpacity } from "./supply-style-expressions";
 
 type LayerSpecification = StyleSpecification["layers"][number];
 type LineLayerSpecification = Extract<LayerSpecification, { type: "line" }>;
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ type CircleRadius = NonNullable<NonNullable<CircleLayerSpecification["paint"]>["
 type IconSize = NonNullable<NonNullable<SymbolLayerSpecification["layout"]>["icon-size"]>;
 
 export const MAP_MAX_ZOOM = 24;
+export const MONITORING_POINT_MIN_ZOOM = 11;
 
 const lineHitWidth = [
   "interpolate",
@@ -58,17 +60,17 @@ const supplyPipeWidth = [
   ["linear"],
   ["zoom"],
   9,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(0.7, 1, 1.4),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(0.4, 0.7, 1.1),
   11,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(0.9, 1.3, 1.8),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(0.65, 1.05, 1.6),
   14,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(1.2, 1.8, 2.6),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(1.3, 2, 2.9),
   17,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(1.8, 2.8, 4),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(2.2, 3.4, 4.8),
   20,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(2.6, 4.2, 6),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(3.2, 5, 7),
   24,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(3.2, 5.2, 7)
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(4.2, 6.8, 9.2)
 ] as unknown as LineWidth;
 
 const supplyPipeCasingWidth = [
@@ -76,39 +78,19 @@ const supplyPipeCasingWidth = [
   ["linear"],
   ["zoom"],
   9,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(2.1, 2.4, 2.8),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(1.2, 1.5, 1.9),
   11,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(2.3, 2.7, 3.2),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(1.65, 2.05, 2.6),
   14,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(2.7, 3.3, 4.1),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(2.7, 3.4, 4.3),
   17,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(3.6, 4.6, 5.8),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(4, 5.2, 6.6),
   20,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(4.5, 6.1, 7.9),
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(5.2, 7, 9),
   24,
-  pipeWidthAtZoom(5.2, 7.2, 9)
+  pipeWidthAtZoom(6.6, 9.2, 11.6)
 ] as unknown as LineWidth;
 
-const facilityRadius = [
-  "interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"],
-  8.5, 3,
-  10, 4.2,
-  12, 5.5,
-  16, 7,
-  20, 9,
-  24, 11
-] as CircleRadius;
-
-const facilityCasingRadius = [
-  "interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"],
-  8.5, 4,
-  10, 5.4,
-  12, 7,
-  16, 8.5,
-  20, 10.5,
-  24, 12.5
-] as CircleRadius;
-
 const facilityHoverRadius = [
   "interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"],
   8.5, 5,
@@ -131,12 +113,26 @@ const facilitySelectedRadius = [
 
 const facilityIconSize = [
   "interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"],
-  8.5, 0.18,
-  10, 0.23,
-  12, 0.29,
-  16, 0.36,
-  20, 0.46,
-  24, 0.56
+  8.5, 0.1,
+  12, 0.16,
+  16, 0.28,
+  20, 0.4,
+  24, 0.5
+] as IconSize;
+
+const importantFacilityIconOpacity = createSupplyZoomOpacity([
+  [8, 0.78], [12, 0.88], [16, 0.98]
+]);
+const importantFacilityHaloOpacity = createSupplyZoomOpacity([
+  [8, 0.35], [12, 0.55], [16, 0.8]
+]);
+
+const monitoringPointRadius = ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 1.5, 12, 2, 16, 3, 20, 4.5, 24, 5.5] as CircleRadius;
+const monitoringPointHaloRadius = ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 2.5, 12, 3.5, 16, 5, 20, 7, 24, 8] as CircleRadius;
+const monitoringIconStops = [[8.5, 0.18], [12, 0.26], [16, 0.4], [20, 0.52], [24, 0.64]] as const;
+const monitoringIconSize = (pixelRatio: number) => [
+  "interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"],
+  ...monitoringIconStops.flatMap(([zoom, size]) => [zoom, size * pixelRatio])
 ] as IconSize;
 
 export const SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS = {
@@ -151,20 +147,24 @@ export const SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS = {
     hitWidth: lineHitWidth
   },
   junctions: {
-    minzoom: 15,
-    haloRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 13, 2.8, 17, 6] as CircleRadius,
-    haloOpacity: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 15, 0, 17, 0, 19, 0.55, 24, 0.82] as const,
-    radius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 13, 1.5, 17, 3.8] as CircleRadius,
+    minzoom: 12,
+    haloRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.6, 13, 1.4, 17, 3.5, 24, 6] as CircleRadius,
+    haloOpacity: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0, 15, 0.08, 19, 0.45, 24, 0.7] as const,
+    radius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.15, 12, 0.4, 15, 1, 18, 2.6, 24, 3.8] as CircleRadius,
+    opacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.08], [12, 0.18], [15, 0.45], [18, 0.82]]),
     hoverRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 13, 5, 17, 10] as CircleRadius,
     selectedRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 13, 5.5, 17, 10.5] as CircleRadius,
-    hitRadius: pointHitRadius
+    hitRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.5, 12, 1, 15, 3, 18, 7, 24, 10] as CircleRadius
   },
   valves: {
-    minzoom: 8.5,
+    minzoom: 13,
     casingWidth: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 11, 3.2, 17, 7.5, 22, 9, 24, 10] as LineWidth,
     width: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 11, 1.6, 17, 4.4, 22, 6, 24, 7] as LineWidth,
-    haloRadius: facilityCasingRadius,
-    radius: facilityRadius,
+    haloRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 1, 12, 1.6, 16, 3, 20, 4.5, 24, 5.5] as CircleRadius,
+    haloOpacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.12], [12, 0.25], [16, 0.5], [20, 0.7]]),
+    radius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.6, 12, 1, 16, 2, 20, 3.2, 24, 4] as CircleRadius,
+    opacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.18], [12, 0.32], [16, 0.6], [20, 0.8]]),
+    iconOpacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.3], [12, 0.5], [16, 0.9], [20, 0.98]]),
     hoverOutlineWidth: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 11, 6, 17, 10.5, 22, 12.5, 24, 14] as LineWidth,
     hoverWidth: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 11, 4, 17, 7, 22, 9, 24, 10.5] as LineWidth,
     hoverRadius: facilityHoverRadius,
@@ -177,6 +177,8 @@ export const SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS = {
   },
   reservoirs: {
     minzoom: 8.5,
+    iconOpacity: importantFacilityIconOpacity,
+    haloOpacity: importantFacilityHaloOpacity,
     haloRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 7, 10, 8.5, 12, 9.5, 16, 11.5, 20, 13.5, 24, 15.5] as CircleRadius,
     radius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 5.5, 10, 7, 12, 8, 16, 10, 20, 12, 24, 14] as CircleRadius,
     hoverRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 8, 10, 9.5, 12, 10.5, 16, 12.5, 20, 14.5, 24, 16.5] as CircleRadius,
@@ -185,26 +187,53 @@ export const SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS = {
     iconSize: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.28, 10, 0.36, 12, 0.42, 16, 0.52, 20, 0.64, 24, 0.76] as IconSize
   },
   scada: {
-    minzoom: 8.5,
-    haloRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 5.5, 10, 7, 12, 8.5, 16, 10, 20, 12, 24, 14] as CircleRadius,
-    radius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 4, 10, 5.5, 12, 7, 16, 8.5, 20, 10.5, 24, 12.5] as CircleRadius,
+    minzoom: MONITORING_POINT_MIN_ZOOM,
+    haloRadius: monitoringPointHaloRadius,
+    radius: monitoringPointRadius,
+    haloOpacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.45], [12, 0.55], [16, 0.7]]),
+    opacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.55], [12, 0.65], [16, 0.8]]),
+    iconOpacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8.5, 0.75], [12, 0.85], [16, 0.98]]),
     hoverRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 6.5, 10, 8, 12, 9.5, 16, 11, 20, 13, 24, 15] as CircleRadius,
     selectedRadius: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 7, 10, 8.5, 12, 10, 16, 11.5, 20, 13.5, 24, 15.5] as CircleRadius,
     hitRadius: pointHitRadius,
-    iconSize: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.25, 10, 0.32, 12, 0.4, 16, 0.48, 20, 0.6, 24, 0.72] as IconSize
+    iconSize: monitoringIconSize(1)
   },
   pumps: {
-    minzoom: 11,
+    minzoom: 8.5,
+    iconOpacity: importantFacilityIconOpacity,
     hoverRadius: 14,
     selectedRadius: 12.5,
     hitRadius: 16,
-    iconSize: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 11, 0.44, 16, 0.66, 20, 0.82, 24, 0.96] as const
+    iconSize: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.3, 12, 0.44, 16, 0.66, 20, 0.82, 24, 0.96] as const
   },
   tanks: {
-    minzoom: 11,
+    minzoom: 8.5,
+    iconOpacity: importantFacilityIconOpacity,
     hoverRadius: 14,
     selectedRadius: 12.5,
     hitRadius: 16,
-    iconSize: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 11, 0.44, 16, 0.66, 20, 0.82, 24, 0.96] as const
+    iconSize: ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, 0.3, 12, 0.44, 16, 0.66, 20, 0.82, 24, 0.96] as const
+  },
+  waterQuality: {
+    minzoom: MONITORING_POINT_MIN_ZOOM,
+    iconOpacity: importantFacilityIconOpacity,
+    haloOpacity: importantFacilityHaloOpacity,
+    opacity: createSupplyZoomOpacity([[8, 0.55], [12, 0.7], [16, 0.9]]),
+    radius: monitoringPointRadius,
+    haloRadius: monitoringPointHaloRadius,
+    // Water-quality artwork is 128px; SCADA artwork is 96px, both registered at 2x.
+    iconSize: monitoringIconSize(96 / 128)
   }
 } as const;
+
+export const SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM = {
+  fx_20200423_pipes: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.minzoom,
+  fx_20200811_dn100_pipes: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.pipes.minzoom,
+  fx_20200423_valves: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.minzoom,
+  fx_20200423_drain_valves: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.minzoom,
+  fx_20200423_flow_meters: MONITORING_POINT_MIN_ZOOM,
+  fx_20200423_hydrants: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.minzoom,
+  fx_20200423_service_connections: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.minzoom,
+  fx_20200423_customer_meters: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.minzoom,
+  fx_20200423_non_residential_meters: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.junctions.minzoom
+} as const;
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/published-gis-layers.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/published-gis-layers.ts
index ca7a54a..f3d4f7e 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/published-gis-layers.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/published-gis-layers.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { ExpressionSpecification, StyleSpecification } from "maplibre-gl";
 import { MAP_STYLE_TOKENS } from "./map-colors";
-import { SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
+import { SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM, SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
 import {
   SOURCE_LAYERS,
   type GeoServerWaterNetworkSourceId
@@ -24,19 +24,19 @@ const definitions: PublishedLayerDefinition[] = [
     sourceId: "water_quality_monitoring_points",
     geometry: "point",
     color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.waterQuality,
-    minzoom: 8,
+    minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.minzoom,
     radius: 5.5,
     imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.waterQuality
   },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_pipes", geometry: "line", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourcePipe, minzoom: 10, lineVariant: "network" },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200811_dn100_pipes", geometry: "line", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourcePipeInventory, minzoom: 9, lineVariant: "inventory" },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_valves", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceValve, minzoom: 14, radius: 3.2, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceValve },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_drain_valves", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceDrainValve, minzoom: 10, radius: 3.6, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceDrainValve },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_flow_meters", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceFlowMeter, minzoom: 10, radius: 4.2, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceFlowMeter },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_hydrants", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceHydrant, minzoom: 13, radius: 3.5, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceHydrant },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_service_connections", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceConnection, minzoom: 13, radius: 3, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceConnection },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_customer_meters", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceCustomerMeter, minzoom: 13, radius: 3, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceCustomerMeter },
-  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_non_residential_meters", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceNonResidentialMeter, minzoom: 15, radius: 2.8, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceNonResidentialMeter }
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_pipes", geometry: "line", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourcePipe, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_pipes, lineVariant: "network" },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200811_dn100_pipes", geometry: "line", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourcePipeInventory, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200811_dn100_pipes, lineVariant: "inventory" },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_valves", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceValve, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_valves, radius: 3.2, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceValve },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_drain_valves", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceDrainValve, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_drain_valves, radius: 3.6, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceDrainValve },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_flow_meters", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceFlowMeter, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_flow_meters, radius: 4.2, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceFlowMeter },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_hydrants", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceHydrant, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_hydrants, radius: 3.5, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceHydrant },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_service_connections", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceConnection, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_service_connections, radius: 3, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceConnection },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_customer_meters", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceCustomerMeter, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_customer_meters, radius: 3, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceCustomerMeter },
+  { sourceId: "fx_20200423_non_residential_meters", geometry: "point", color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.sourceNonResidentialMeter, minzoom: SOURCE_GIS_MIN_ZOOM.fx_20200423_non_residential_meters, radius: 2.8, imageId: SUPPLY_ASSET_IMAGE_IDS.sourceNonResidentialMeter }
 ];
 
 const sourcePipeColorExpression: ExpressionSpecification = [
@@ -102,9 +102,10 @@ function createBusinessLayers(definition: PublishedLayerDefinition): Layer[] {
   }
 
   const radius = definition.radius ?? 3.2;
-  const iconSize = definition.sourceId === "water_quality_monitoring_points"
-    ? ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], definition.minzoom, 0.25, 18, 0.42] as ExpressionSpecification
-    : ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], definition.minzoom, 0.36, 18, 0.54] as ExpressionSpecification;
+  const important = definition.sourceId === "water_quality_monitoring_points";
+  const iconSize = important
+    ? SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.iconSize
+    : SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.iconSize;
   const layers: Layer[] = [
     {
       id: `${definition.sourceId}-halo`,
@@ -114,8 +115,9 @@ function createBusinessLayers(definition: PublishedLayerDefinition): Layer[] {
       minzoom: definition.minzoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing,
-        "circle-radius": radius + 1.8,
-        "circle-opacity": 0.9
+        "circle-radius": important ? SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.haloRadius
+          : ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, radius * 0.3, 12, radius * 0.5, 18, radius + 1],
+        "circle-opacity": important ? SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.haloOpacity : SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.haloOpacity
       }
     },
     {
@@ -126,8 +128,10 @@ function createBusinessLayers(definition: PublishedLayerDefinition): Layer[] {
       minzoom: definition.minzoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-color": definition.color,
-        "circle-radius": ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], definition.minzoom, radius, 18, radius * 1.35],
-        "circle-opacity": 0.9,
+        "circle-radius": important
+          ? SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.radius
+          : ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 8.5, radius * 0.18, 12, radius * 0.3, 18, radius],
+        "circle-opacity": important ? SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.opacity : SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.opacity,
         "circle-stroke-color": definition.sourceId === "water_quality_monitoring_points"
           ? MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing
           : definition.color,
@@ -145,11 +149,12 @@ function createBusinessLayers(definition: PublishedLayerDefinition): Layer[] {
       layout: {
         "icon-image": definition.imageId,
         "icon-size": iconSize,
-        "icon-allow-overlap": true,
-        "icon-ignore-placement": true
+        "icon-padding": important ? 6 : 5,
+        "icon-allow-overlap": important,
+        "icon-ignore-placement": false
       },
       paint: {
-        "icon-opacity": 0.96
+        "icon-opacity": important ? SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.iconOpacity : SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.valves.iconOpacity
       }
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/scada.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/scada.ts
index f50cbe7..bf5cab4 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/scada.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/scada.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { MAP_STYLE_TOKENS } from "./map-colors";
 import { SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
 import {
   createSupplyStateColor,
-  supplyFacilityOpacityExpression,
   supplyIconOpacityExpression
 } from "./supply-style-expressions";
 
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@ export const SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS = [
     label: "压力监测点",
     description: "83 个压力监测点",
     deviceType: "pressure",
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
     imageId: SCADA_IMAGE_IDS.pressure,
     color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.scadaPressure
   },
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ export const SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS = [
     label: "流量监测点",
     description: "35 个流量监测点",
     deviceType: "pipe_flow",
+    minZoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
     imageId: SCADA_IMAGE_IDS.flow,
     color: MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.supply.scadaFlow
   }
@@ -80,11 +81,11 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "circle",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.haloRadius,
         "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing,
-        "circle-opacity": 0.94
+        "circle-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.haloOpacity
       }
     },
     {
@@ -92,11 +93,11 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "circle",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.radius,
         "circle-color": color,
-        "circle-opacity": supplyFacilityOpacityExpression
+        "circle-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.opacity
       }
     },
     {
@@ -104,14 +105,15 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "symbol",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       layout: {
         "icon-image": definition.imageId,
         "icon-size": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.iconSize,
-        "icon-allow-overlap": true,
-        "icon-ignore-placement": true
+        "icon-padding": 7,
+        "icon-allow-overlap": false,
+        "icon-ignore-placement": false
       },
-      paint: { "icon-opacity": supplyIconOpacityExpression }
+      paint: { "icon-opacity": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.iconOpacity }
     }
   ];
   const fallback: Layer[] = [
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "circle",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-radius": ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 9, 1.7, 12, 2.1, 16, 2.7, 20, 3.4, 24, 4.2],
         "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.casing,
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "circle",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.hoverRadius,
         "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.transparent,
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "circle",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.selectedRadius,
         "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.transparent,
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
       type: "circle",
       source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
       filter,
-      minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+      minzoom: definition.minZoom,
       paint: {
         "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.selectedRadius,
         "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.transparent,
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ function createScadaLayers(definition: (typeof SCADA_LAYER_CONTROL_ITEMS)[number
     type: "circle",
     source: SCADA_SOURCE_ID,
     filter,
-    minzoom: SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.minzoom,
+    minzoom: definition.minZoom,
     paint: {
       "circle-radius": SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.hitRadius,
       "circle-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.canvas.transparent,
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/simulation-layers.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/simulation-layers.ts
index d41f912..e7c95c3 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/simulation-layers.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/simulation-layers.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 import type { Map as MapLibreMap } from "maplibre-gl";
 import { simulationLayerIds } from "./annotation-layers";
+import { setMapLayersVisibility } from "./layer-visibility";
 
-export function setSimulationLayersVisibility(map: MapLibreMap, visible: boolean) {
-  const visibility = visible ? "visible" : "none";
-
-  simulationLayerIds.forEach((layerId) => {
-    if (map.getLayer(layerId)) {
-      map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "visibility", visibility);
-    }
-  });
+export function setSimulationLayersVisibility(map: MapLibreMap, visible: boolean, animate = true) {
+  setMapLayersVisibility(map, simulationLayerIds, visible, animate);
 }
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/supply-icons.test.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/supply-icons.test.ts
index ba27f03..632f410 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/supply-icons.test.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/supply-icons.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import type { Map as MapLibreMap } from "maplibre-gl";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
+import { SCADA_ICON_PATHS } from "./scada";
 
 import {
   SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS,
@@ -9,6 +12,19 @@ import {
 } from "./supply-icons";
 
 describe("supply facility map icons", () => {
+  it("matches water-quality and pressure icon pixel widths at every zoom stop", () => {
+    const imageWidth = (path: string) => readFileSync(`public${path}`).readUInt32BE(16);
+    const pressureWidth = imageWidth(SCADA_ICON_PATHS.pressure);
+    const waterQualityWidth = imageWidth(SUPPLY_ASSET_MAP_ICON_PATHS.waterQuality);
+    const pressure = SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.scada.iconSize as unknown as unknown[];
+    const waterQuality = SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS.waterQuality.iconSize as unknown as unknown[];
+    for (let index = 3; index < pressure.length; index += 2) {
+      expect(waterQuality[index]).toBe(pressure[index]);
+      expect(Number(waterQuality[index + 1]) * waterQualityWidth)
+        .toBeCloseTo(Number(pressure[index + 1]) * pressureWidth);
+    }
+  });
+
   it("uses MapLibre-compatible PNG assets from the public map directory", () => {
     expect(Object.keys(SUPPLY_ASSET_ICON_PATHS)).toEqual([
       "valve",
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/supply-style-expressions.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/supply-style-expressions.ts
index 552449b..85173d2 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/supply-style-expressions.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/supply-style-expressions.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,17 @@ export const supplyIconOpacityExpression: ExpressionSpecification = [
   0.98
 ];
 
+export function createSupplyZoomOpacity(
+  stops: readonly (readonly [number, number])[]
+): ExpressionSpecification {
+  return [
+    "interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"],
+    ...stops.flatMap(([zoom, opacity]) => [
+      zoom, ["case", supplyInactiveExpression, opacity * 0.65, opacity]
+    ])
+  ] as ExpressionSpecification;
+}
+
 export function createSupplyStateColor(
   activeColor: string | ExpressionSpecification
 ): ExpressionSpecification {
diff --git a/src/features/workbench/map/value-label.ts b/src/features/workbench/map/value-label.ts
index 12812d8..838d998 100644
--- a/src/features/workbench/map/value-label.ts
+++ b/src/features/workbench/map/value-label.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type {
   SymbolLayerSpecification
 } from "maplibre-gl";
 import { MAP_STYLE_TOKENS } from "./map-colors";
+import { SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS } from "./map-layer-visuals";
 import { SOURCE_LAYERS } from "./sources";
 
 export const VALUE_LABEL_LAYER_IDS = {
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ export function createValueLabelLayers(): SymbolLayerSpecification[] {
       type: "symbol",
       source: sourceId,
       "source-layer": SOURCE_LAYERS[sourceId],
-      minzoom: sourceId === "junctions" ? 15 : 10,
+      minzoom: Math.max(10, SUPPLY_LAYER_VISUALS[sourceId].minzoom),
       layout: {
         visibility: "none",
         "symbol-placement": line ? "line-center" : "point",
         "text-field": "",
-        "text-size": 12,
+        "text-size": createValueLabelTextSize(12),
         "text-offset": line ? [0, 0] : [0, -1.35],
         "text-anchor": line ? "center" : "bottom",
         "text-padding": 5,
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ export function createValueLabelLayers(): SymbolLayerSpecification[] {
         "text-halo-color": MAP_STYLE_TOKENS.label.inverse,
         "text-halo-width": 2,
         "text-halo-blur": 0.4,
-        "text-opacity": 0.96
+        "text-opacity": ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 10, 0.3, 14, 0.8, 17, 0.96]
       }
     };
   });
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ export function applyValueLabelStyle(
     "text-field",
     createValueLabelTextExpression(style)
   );
-  map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "text-size", style.textSize);
+  map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "text-size", createValueLabelTextSize(style.textSize));
   map.setPaintProperty(layerId, "text-color", style.textColor);
   map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, "visibility", "visible");
 }
@@ -98,6 +99,10 @@ export function clearValueLabels(
   });
 }
 
+function createValueLabelTextSize(textSize: number): ExpressionSpecification {
+  return ["interpolate", ["linear"], ["zoom"], 10, Math.max(10, textSize * 0.8), 16, textSize];
+}
+
 function createValueLabelTextExpression(
   style: ValueLabelStyle
 ): ExpressionSpecification {
diff --git a/tests/browser/layer-visibility-fade.e2e.ts b/tests/browser/layer-visibility-fade.e2e.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ed942c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/browser/layer-visibility-fade.e2e.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import { expect, test, type Page } from "@playwright/test";
+import { mockWorkbenchContext } from "./support/mock-workbench-context";
+import { mockPipeVectorTiles } from "./support/mock-pipe-vector-tiles";
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window { __layerFadeSamples: number[]; __layerFadePixels: number[]; }
+}
+
+async function openLayerFixture(page: Page, vectorPipes = false) {
+  await mockWorkbenchContext(page);
+  if (vectorPipes) await mockPipeVectorTiles(page);
+  await page.route("https://workbench-map.invalid/geoserver/tjwater_next/ows?**", (route) => {
+    const type = new URL(route.request().url()).searchParams.get("typeNames");
+    return route.fulfill({ contentType: "application/xml",
+      body: `<wfs:FeatureCollection xmlns:wfs="http://www.opengis.net/wfs/2.0" numberMatched="${type?.endsWith(":reservoirs") || type?.endsWith(":water_quality_monitoring_points") ? 1 : 0}"/>` });
+  });
+  await page.goto("/", { waitUntil: "domcontentloaded" });
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => Boolean(
+    window.__waterNetworkMap?.getLayer("reservoirs-symbol")
+  )), { timeout: 15_000 }).toBe(true);
+  await page.evaluate((vectorPipes) => {
+    const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+    for (const sourceId of ["pipes", "reservoirs", "water_quality_monitoring_points"]) {
+      if (vectorPipes && sourceId === "pipes") continue;
+      const layers = map.getStyle().layers.filter((layer) => "source" in layer && layer.source === sourceId);
+      [...layers].reverse().forEach((layer) => map.removeLayer(layer.id));
+      map.removeSource(sourceId);
+      map.addSource(sourceId, { type: "geojson", data: { type: "FeatureCollection", features: [{
+        type: "Feature", properties: { id: "fade-fixture", diameter: 800 },
+        geometry: sourceId === "pipes"
+          ? { type: "LineString", coordinates: [[121.45, 30.91], [121.48, 30.91]] }
+          : { type: "Point", coordinates: [sourceId === "reservoirs" ? 121.46 : 121.47, 30.915] }
+      }] } });
+      layers.forEach((layer) => {
+        const copy = { ...layer };
+        if ("source-layer" in copy) delete copy["source-layer"];
+        map.addLayer(copy);
+      });
+    }
+    const scada = map.getSource("scada");
+    if (scada && "setData" in scada) scada.setData({ type: "FeatureCollection", features: [{
+      type: "Feature", id: "pressure-size-fixture",
+      properties: { device_id: "pressure-size-fixture", device_type: "pressure" },
+      geometry: { type: "Point", coordinates: [121.475, 30.915] }
+    }] });
+    map.jumpTo({ center: [121.465, 30.913], zoom: 13, pitch: 0, bearing: 0 });
+  }, vectorPipes);
+  await page.getByRole("button", { name: /图层：管理地图图层/ }).click();
+}
+
+for (const [label, layerId, property] of [
+  ["管线", "pipes-flow", "line-opacity"],
+  ["水库", "reservoirs-symbol", "icon-opacity"],
+  ["水质监测点", "water_quality_monitoring_points-symbol", "icon-opacity"]
+] as const) {
+  test(`${label} fades on toggle and restores its original paint`, async ({ page }, testInfo) => {
+    await openLayerFixture(page);
+    const original = await page.evaluate(({ layerId, property }) => {
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      const original = map.getPaintProperty(layerId, property);
+      const setPaint = map.setPaintProperty.bind(map);
+      window.__layerFadeSamples = [];
+      map.setPaintProperty = (id, name, value, options) => {
+        if (id === layerId && name === property) {
+          if (typeof value === "number" && typeof original === "number") {
+            window.__layerFadeSamples.push(value / original);
+          }
+          const output = Array.isArray(value) && value[0] === "interpolate" ? value[4] : value;
+          if (Array.isArray(output) && output[0] === "*") {
+            window.__layerFadeSamples.push(Number(output.at(-1)));
+          }
+        }
+        return setPaint(id, name, value, options);
+      };
+      return original;
+    }, { layerId, property });
+    const toggle = page.getByRole("button", { name: new RegExp(`^${label}，`) });
+    await toggle.click();
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate((id) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getLayoutProperty(id, "visibility"), layerId)).toBe("none");
+    const hiddenSamples = await page.evaluate(() => window.__layerFadeSamples);
+    expect(hiddenSamples.some((value) => value > 0 && value < 1)).toBe(true);
+    expect(await page.evaluate(({ layerId, property }) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getPaintProperty(layerId, property), { layerId, property })).toEqual(original);
+    await toggle.click();
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(({ layerId, property }) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getPaintProperty(layerId, property), { layerId, property })).toEqual(original);
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath("layer-visible.png") });
+    await toggle.click();
+    await toggle.click();
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate((id) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getLayoutProperty(id, "visibility"), layerId)).toBe("visible");
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(({ layerId, property }) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getPaintProperty(layerId, property), { layerId, property })).toEqual(original);
+  });
+}
+
+test("reduced motion switches layers without a fade", async ({ page }) => {
+  await page.emulateMedia({ reducedMotion: "reduce" });
+  await openLayerFixture(page);
+  await page.getByRole("button", { name: /^管线，/ }).click();
+  expect(await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+    .getLayoutProperty("pipes-flow", "visibility"))).toBe("none");
+});
+
+for (const [label, layerId, property, longitude, latitude] of [
+  ["管线", "pipes-flow", "line-opacity", 121.465, 30.91],
+  ["水库", "reservoirs-symbol", "icon-opacity", 121.46, 30.915],
+  ["水质监测点", "water_quality_monitoring_points-symbol", "icon-opacity", 121.47, 30.915]
+] as const) {
+  test(`${label} has intermediate rendered pixels while fading in and out`, async ({ page }, testInfo) => {
+    await openLayerFixture(page, label === "管线");
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate((id) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .queryRenderedFeatures({ layers: [id] }).length, layerId)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    await page.evaluate(() => new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      map.once("idle", () => resolve());
+      map.triggerRepaint();
+    }));
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath("fade-before.png") });
+    const original = await page.evaluate(({ layerId, property, longitude, latitude }) => {
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      const canvas = map.getCanvas();
+      const gl = canvas.getContext("webgl2") ?? canvas.getContext("webgl");
+      if (!gl) throw new Error("No WebGL context");
+      window.__layerFadePixels = [];
+      map.on("render", () => {
+        const point = map.project([longitude, latitude]);
+        const ratio = canvas.width / canvas.clientWidth;
+        const pixels = new Uint8Array(7 * 7 * 4);
+        gl.readPixels(Math.round(point.x * ratio) - 3,
+          canvas.height - Math.round(point.y * ratio) - 3, 7, 7, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+        let darkest = 0;
+        for (let index = 0; index < pixels.length; index += 4) {
+          darkest = Math.max(darkest, 765 - pixels[index] - pixels[index + 1] - pixels[index + 2]);
+        }
+        window.__layerFadePixels.push(darkest);
+      });
+      map.triggerRepaint();
+      return map.getPaintProperty(layerId, property);
+    }, { layerId, property, longitude, latitude });
+    const toggle = page.getByRole("button", { name: new RegExp(`^${label}，`) });
+    await toggle.click();
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate((id) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getLayoutProperty(id, "visibility"), layerId)).toBe("none");
+    const hiding = await page.evaluate(() => window.__layerFadePixels);
+    const min = Math.min(...hiding);
+    const max = Math.max(...hiding);
+    await testInfo.attach("hiding-pixels", { body: JSON.stringify(hiding), contentType: "application/json" });
+    expect(max - min).toBeGreaterThan(50);
+    // Require multiple rendered intermediate alpha states without prescribing a GPU frame rate.
+    expect(new Set(hiding.filter((pixel) => pixel > min + 10 && pixel < max - 10)).size).toBeGreaterThan(1);
+    await page.evaluate(() => { window.__layerFadePixels = []; });
+    await toggle.click();
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(({ layerId, property }) => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getPaintProperty(layerId, property), { layerId, property })).toEqual(original);
+    const showing = await page.evaluate(() => window.__layerFadePixels);
+    expect(new Set(showing.filter((pixel) => pixel > min + 10 && pixel < max - 10)).size).toBeGreaterThan(1);
+    await testInfo.attach("rendered-opacity", {
+      body: JSON.stringify({ hiding, showing }), contentType: "application/json"
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/browser/map-scale-visibility.e2e.ts b/tests/browser/map-scale-visibility.e2e.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33e9da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/browser/map-scale-visibility.e2e.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import { expect, test } from "@playwright/test";
+import { mockWorkbenchContext } from "./support/mock-workbench-context";
+
+test("keeps pipes and SCADA visible across fractional zoom changes", async ({ page }, testInfo) => {
+  await mockWorkbenchContext(page);
+  await page.goto("/", { waitUntil: "domcontentloaded" });
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => Boolean(
+    window.__waterNetworkMap?.getLayer("pipes-flow")
+      && window.__waterNetworkMap?.getLayer("scada-pressure-symbol")
+  )), { timeout: 15_000 }).toBe(true);
+
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+    map.addSource("scale-fixture", {
+      type: "geojson",
+      data: {
+        type: "FeatureCollection",
+        features: [
+          ...[800, 400, 100, null].map((diameter, index) => ({
+            type: "Feature" as const,
+            id: `pipe-${index}`,
+            properties: { diameter, fixture_id: `pipe-${index}` },
+            geometry: {
+              type: "LineString" as const,
+              coordinates: [[121.46, 30.91 + index * 0.001], [121.47, 30.91 + index * 0.001]]
+            }
+          })),
+          ...["pipe_flow", "pressure"].map((deviceType, index) => ({
+            type: "Feature" as const,
+            id: deviceType,
+            properties: { device_type: deviceType, fixture_id: deviceType },
+            geometry: {
+              type: "Point" as const,
+              coordinates: [121.462 + index * 0.008, 30.915]
+            }
+          }))
+        ]
+      }
+    });
+    for (const id of ["pipes-casing", "pipes-flow", "pipes-hit", "scada-flow-symbol", "scada-pressure-symbol"]) {
+      const original = map.getStyle().layers.find((layer) => layer.id === id)!;
+      const copy = { ...original };
+      if ("source-layer" in copy) delete copy["source-layer"];
+      map.addLayer({
+        ...copy,
+        id: `scale-fixture-${id}`,
+        source: "scale-fixture",
+        filter: ["all", ["==", ["geometry-type"], original.type === "line" ? "LineString" : "Point"],
+          "filter" in original ? original.filter ?? true : true]
+      });
+    }
+    map.jumpTo({ center: [121.465, 30.913], zoom: 11.7, pitch: 0, bearing: 0 });
+  });
+
+  const pipeIds = ["pipe-0", "pipe-1", "pipe-2", "pipe-3"];
+  for (const [zoom, scadaIds] of [
+    [11.7, ["pipe_flow", "pressure"]],
+    [12, ["pipe_flow", "pressure"]],
+    [13, ["pipe_flow", "pressure"]],
+    [14, ["pipe_flow", "pressure"]],
+    [16, ["pipe_flow", "pressure"]],
+    [11.7, ["pipe_flow", "pressure"]]
+  ] as const) {
+    await page.evaluate((value) => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: value }), zoom);
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => {
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      const ids = (layers: string[]) => [...new Set(
+        map.queryRenderedFeatures({ layers }).map((feature) => String(feature.properties.fixture_id))
+      )].sort();
+      return {
+        pipes: ids(["scale-fixture-pipes-flow"]),
+        hits: ids(["scale-fixture-pipes-hit"]),
+        scada: ids(["scale-fixture-scada-flow-symbol", "scale-fixture-scada-pressure-symbol"])
+      };
+    })).toEqual({ pipes: [...pipeIds], hits: [...pipeIds], scada: [...scadaIds] });
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath(`zoom-${zoom}.png`) });
+  }
+});
+
+for (const width of [1440, 390]) {
+  test(`declutters dense facilities and preserves selection at width ${width}`, async ({ page }, testInfo) => {
+    await page.setViewportSize({ width, height: 900 });
+    await mockWorkbenchContext(page);
+    await page.goto("/", { waitUntil: "domcontentloaded" });
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => Boolean(
+      window.__waterNetworkMap?.getLayer("pipes-flow")
+    )), { timeout: 15_000 }).toBe(true);
+
+    await page.evaluate(async () => {
+      const layerModuleUrl = "/src/features/workbench/map/layers.ts";
+      const { waterNetworkLayers } = await import(layerModuleUrl);
+      const scadaModuleUrl = "/src/features/workbench/map/scada.ts";
+      const { scadaLayers } = await import(scadaModuleUrl);
+      const layers = [...waterNetworkLayers, ...scadaLayers];
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      map.addSource("density-fixture", {
+        type: "geojson",
+        promoteId: "fixture_id",
+        data: {
+          type: "FeatureCollection",
+          features: [
+            ...Array.from({ length: 70 }, (_, index) => ({
+              type: "Feature" as const,
+              properties: { fixture_id: `valve-${index}`, kind: "valve" },
+              geometry: {
+                type: "Point" as const,
+                coordinates: [121.4635 + index % 10 * 0.00035, 30.912 + Math.floor(index / 10) * 0.00035]
+              }
+            })),
+            {
+              type: "Feature" as const,
+              properties: { fixture_id: "reservoir", kind: "reservoir" },
+              geometry: { type: "Point" as const, coordinates: [121.465, 30.913] }
+            },
+            ...[
+              ["pump", [121.464, 30.9114]],
+              ["tank", [121.466, 30.9114]],
+              ["water-quality", [121.465, 30.9098]],
+              ["pressure", [121.505, 30.913]],
+              ["junction", [121.4648, 30.9138]],
+              ["gis-detail", [121.466, 30.9138]],
+              ["gis-flow", [121.467, 30.9138]]
+            ].map(([kind, coordinates]) => ({
+              type: "Feature" as const,
+              properties: { fixture_id: kind, kind },
+              geometry: { type: "Point" as const, coordinates }
+            }))
+          ]
+        }
+      });
+      const kinds: Record<string, string> = {
+        "reservoirs-symbol": "reservoir", "pumps-symbol": "pump", "tanks-symbol": "tank",
+        "water_quality_monitoring_points-symbol": "water-quality",
+        "water_quality_monitoring_points-hit": "water-quality",
+        "scada-pressure-symbol": "pressure",
+        junctions: "junction", "junctions-hit": "junction",
+        "fx_20200423_hydrants-point": "gis-detail", "fx_20200423_hydrants-hit": "gis-detail",
+        "fx_20200423_flow_meters-point": "gis-flow", "fx_20200423_flow_meters-hit": "gis-flow"
+      };
+      for (const id of ["valves-casing", "valves", "valves-symbol", ...Object.keys(kinds),
+        "valves-selected-outer", "valves-selected", "valves-hit"]) {
+        const original = layers.find((layer: { id: string }) => layer.id === id);
+        const copy = { ...original };
+        delete copy["source-layer"];
+        map.addLayer({
+          ...copy, id: `density-${id}`, source: "density-fixture",
+          filter: ["==", ["get", "kind"], kinds[id] ?? "valve"]
+        });
+      }
+      map.jumpTo({ center: [121.465, 30.913], zoom: 13.1, pitch: 0, bearing: 0 });
+    });
+
+    const renderedCounts = () => page.evaluate(() => {
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      const count = (id: string) => new Set(
+        map.queryRenderedFeatures({ layers: [id] }).map((feature) => feature.properties.fixture_id)
+      ).size;
+      return { dots: count("density-valves"), symbols: count("density-valves-symbol"), hits: count("density-valves-hit"),
+        reservoir: count("density-reservoirs-symbol"), pump: count("density-pumps-symbol"),
+        tank: count("density-tanks-symbol"), waterQuality: count("density-water_quality_monitoring_points-symbol"),
+        waterQualityHit: count("density-water_quality_monitoring_points-hit"), pressure: count("density-scada-pressure-symbol"),
+        nodes: count("density-junctions"), nodeHits: count("density-junctions-hit"),
+        gisDetails: count("density-fx_20200423_hydrants-point"), gisDetailHits: count("density-fx_20200423_hydrants-hit"),
+        gisFlow: count("density-fx_20200423_flow_meters-point"), gisFlowHits: count("density-fx_20200423_flow_meters-hit") };
+    });
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ dots: 70, reservoir: 1, pump: 1, tank: 1, waterQuality: 1 });
+    const overview = await renderedCounts();
+    expect(overview.symbols).toBeLessThan(overview.dots / 3);
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath("dense-overview.png") });
+
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 10.99 }));
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ waterQuality: 0, waterQualityHit: 0, pressure: 0, gisFlow: 0, gisFlowHits: 0 });
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 11 }));
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ waterQuality: 1, waterQualityHit: 1, pressure: 1, gisFlow: 1, gisFlowHits: 1 });
+
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 11.99 }));
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ nodes: 0, nodeHits: 0, gisDetails: 0, gisDetailHits: 0 });
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 12 }));
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ nodes: 1, nodeHits: 1, gisDetails: 1, gisDetailHits: 1 });
+
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 12.9 }));
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ dots: 0, symbols: 0, hits: 0, waterQuality: 1 });
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 13 }));
+    await expect.poll(renderedCounts).toMatchObject({ dots: 70, hits: 70 });
+
+    await page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({ zoom: 15.5 }));
+    await expect.poll(async () => (await renderedCounts()).symbols).toBeGreaterThan(overview.symbols);
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath("dense-detail.png") });
+
+    await page.evaluate(() => {
+      const map = window.__waterNetworkMap!;
+      map.setFeatureState({ source: "density-fixture", id: "valve-35" }, { selected: true });
+      map.jumpTo({ zoom: 13.1 });
+    });
+    await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => window.__waterNetworkMap!
+      .getFeatureState({ source: "density-fixture", id: "valve-35" }).selected)).toBe(true);
+    await page.screenshot({ path: testInfo.outputPath("dense-selected.png") });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/browser/scada-api-source.e2e.ts b/tests/browser/scada-api-source.e2e.ts
index b49f973..1f7036f 100644
--- a/tests/browser/scada-api-source.e2e.ts
+++ b/tests/browser/scada-api-source.e2e.ts
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ test("loads SCADA from the backend API and aligns map features by device_id", as
 
   const deviceRequest = await deviceRequestPromise;
   expect(deviceRequest.headers()["x-project-id"]).toBe(TEST_PROJECT_ID);
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => Boolean(
+    globalThis.__waterNetworkMap?.getLayer("scada-pressure-symbol")
+  ))).toBe(true);
+  await page.evaluate(() => globalThis.__waterNetworkMap!.jumpTo({
+    center: [121.5, 30.9], zoom: 13
+  }));
   await expect.poll(async () => page.evaluate(() => {
     const map = globalThis.__waterNetworkMap;
     if (!map) return [];
@@ -74,6 +80,7 @@ test("shows data-dependent layer controls only when GeoServer reports features",
   await expect(layerTool).toBeEnabled();
   await layerTool.click();
   await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: /^阀门/ })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: /^阀门/ })).toContainText("符号自动避让");
   await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: /^水库/ })).toBeVisible();
   await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: /^水泵/ })).toBeVisible();
   await expect(page.getByRole("button", { name: /^水箱/ })).toBeVisible();
@@ -111,6 +118,12 @@ test("shows data-dependent layer controls only when GeoServer reports features",
   });
   expect(layerOrder[0]).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
   expect(layerOrder[0]).toBeLessThan(layerOrder[1]);
+  const valveMinZooms = await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const map = globalThis.__waterNetworkMap;
+    return ["valves-symbol", "valves-hit", "workbench-value-label-valves"]
+      .map((layerId) => map?.getLayer(layerId)?.minzoom);
+  });
+  expect(valveMinZooms).toEqual([13, 13, 13]);
 });
 
 test("loads required map layers while optional layer probes are still pending", async ({ page }) => {
diff --git a/tests/browser/support/mock-pipe-vector-tiles.ts b/tests/browser/support/mock-pipe-vector-tiles.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a28f7c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/browser/support/mock-pipe-vector-tiles.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { createRequire } from "node:module";
+import type { Page } from "@playwright/test";
+
+const requireFromMapLibre = createRequire(import.meta.resolve("maplibre-gl"));
+const { fromVectorTileJs } = requireFromMapLibre("@maplibre/vt-pbf") as {
+  fromVectorTileJs(tile: unknown): Uint8Array;
+};
+
+// Exercise the same MVT worker path as GeoServer, including a dense pipe inventory.
+export async function mockPipeVectorTiles(page: Page) {
+  const tiles = new Map<string, Buffer>();
+  await page.route("**/tjwater_next:pipes/WebMercatorQuad/**", (route) => {
+    const path = new URL(route.request().url()).pathname.split("/");
+    const [zoom, tileY, tileX] = path.slice(-3).map(Number);
+    const key = `${zoom}/${tileY}/${tileX}`;
+    let body = tiles.get(key);
+    if (!body) {
+      const project = (longitude: number, latitude: number) => {
+        const sin = Math.sin(latitude * Math.PI / 180);
+        return {
+          x: Math.round(((longitude + 180) / 360 * 2 ** zoom - tileX) * 4096),
+          y: Math.round(((0.5 - Math.log((1 + sin) / (1 - sin)) / (4 * Math.PI)) * 2 ** zoom - tileY) * 4096)
+        };
+      };
+      const features = Array.from({ length: 2001 }, (_, index) => {
+        const latitude = index === 0 ? 30.91 : 30.918 + Math.floor((index - 1) / 100) * 0.0004;
+        const longitude = index === 0 ? 121.45 : 121.45 + (index - 1) % 100 * 0.0003;
+        const geometry = [[project(longitude, latitude),
+          project(index === 0 ? 121.48 : longitude + 0.00025, latitude)]];
+        const [start, end] = geometry[0];
+        if (start.y < -256 || start.y > 4352 || end.x < -256 || start.x > 4352) return [];
+        return [{ type: 2, id: index + 1, extent: 4096,
+          properties: { id: index + 1, diameter: index === 0 ? 800 : 100,
+            status: index % 5 === 4 ? "closed" : "open" },
+          loadGeometry: () => geometry }];
+      }).flat();
+      body = Buffer.from(fromVectorTileJs({ layers: { pipes: {
+        version: 2, name: "pipes", extent: 4096, length: features.length,
+        feature: (index: number) => features[index]
+      } } }));
+      tiles.set(key, body);
+    }
+    return route.fulfill({ body, contentType: "application/vnd.mapbox-vector-tile",
+      headers: { "Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*" } });
+  });
+}